Japanese Patent No. 7892230 — Claim 1 (excerpt, translated)
(1) Receiving, at a data processing device, an irreversible confirmation operation on the target data — an operation whose effect cannot be undone — or detecting that such an operation has been established.
Before the confirmation there is nothing settled to fix; after it, differences from the entered state can creep in. Unless the evidence is taken at the same moment as the confirmation, you cannot say that what you fixed is what was entered.
Specification [0019], [0027]
(2) Generating, in response to the confirmation operation, verification information that contains at least a hash value of the target data.
Without a hash of the target data, you cannot show that what survived is the same as what existed before the breach; you can only estimate it by analysis.
Specification [0020], [0021], [0028]
(3) Transferring and storing that verification information in an area where the correspondence between the evidence and the confirmation operation cannot be altered afterwards.
If the evidence sits where it can be rewritten, the evidence itself can be changed later, and it no longer establishes authenticity.
Specification [0015], [0022], [0029]
(4) Control that excludes a partial-success state in which only the confirmation operation succeeded — by rolling it back, holding it, prohibiting the commit, or treating the confirmation as not established.
If business data is allowed to stand without evidence, you cannot raise a question about data appended by illegitimate means.
Unless the success or failure of the save is assured, you cannot exclude the possibility of records that were never saved and are simply gone.
Specification [0023], [0025]
(5) Making successful storage of the verification information in the external area a mandatory condition of the confirmation — as one indivisible process, through a single transaction, or through a protocol that allows the move to the confirmed state only once the external area has acknowledged the save.
Unless the confirmation, the generation and the successful storage are indivisible, a gap opens in the middle of the processing where authenticity cannot be shown.
Specification [0022], [0041]